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earle’s balanced salt solution (ebss  (Thermo Fisher)


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    Thermo Fisher earle’s balanced salt solution (ebss
    VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: <t>Earle’s</t> Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.
    Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution (Ebss, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/earle's+balanced+salt+solution+(ebss/pmc11801289-59-6-11
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    earle’s balanced salt solution (ebss - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    90/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Enhanced autophagic clearance of amyloid-β via histone deacetylase 6-mediated V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification protects against Alzheimer’s disease in vitro and in vivo"

    Article Title: Enhanced autophagic clearance of amyloid-β via histone deacetylase 6-mediated V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification protects against Alzheimer’s disease in vitro and in vivo

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01633

    VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.
    Figure Legend Snippet: VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.

    Techniques Used: In Vitro, Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence

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    Article Title: Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (polyCBMA) decreases desiccating damage to corneal epithelial cells
    Article Snippet: For cell experiments employing the desiccative culture conditions, polyCBMA was dissolved and diluted using Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) (Cat# 14155063, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA) because this buffer maintains a balanced ionic salt composition and physiological pH under light illumination on the microscope stage [20].

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) affect Multiple Stages of Autophagy and Modulate Autophagy-related Genes in Controlling Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis.
    Article Snippet: Background: Autophagy disorders are linked to human cancer, and the details of their mechanisms remain unclear.. Objective: To investigate the regulatory role of PRMT5 in the autophagy of breast cancer cells.. Methods: Human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7) were cultured.

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    Article Title: Reduced Palmitoylation of <scp>SQSTM1</scp>/p62 in Huntington Disease Is Associated With Impaired Autophagy
    Article Snippet: Where indicated, induction of autophagy in HeLa cells was conducted by the application of Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS; Thermo Fisher, 24010043).

    Article Title: Binding epitope for recognition of human TRPM4 channel by monoclonal antibody M4M
    Article Snippet: In brief, fetal brains from embryonic day 18 (E18) pregnant transgenic rats were obtained and digested for 40 min in Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) containing 20 U/ml papain (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ, USA).

    Article Title: Long‑chain non‑coding RNA GAS5 promotes cell autophagy by modulating the miR‑181c‑5p/ ATG5 and miR‑1192/ ATG12 axes.
    Article Snippet: For the determination of macrophage autophagy in vitro, RAW264.7 cells were cultured in Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 12 h, in order to induce macrophage autophagy (starvation induc‐ tion).

    Article Title: GCN2 and perk kinase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
    Article Snippet: The next day each well was replaced with 1 mL Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, 5.5 mM Glucose, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin and 1% Vitamin solution (thermo #11120052).

    Article Title: Modeling bile duct ischemia and reoxygenation injury in human cholangiocyte organoids for screening of novel cholangio-protective agents
    Article Snippet: In brief, donor liver tissue was minced, rinsed twice with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS, Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, USA), and digested in collagenase solution (2.5 mg/mL collagenase Type A, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) in Advanced DMEM/F-12 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) for 15 min at 37 °C.

    Article Title: Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (polyCBMA) decreases desiccating damage to corneal epithelial cells
    Article Snippet: For cell experiments employing the desiccative culture conditions, polyCBMA was dissolved and diluted using Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) (Cat# 14155063, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA) because this buffer maintains a balanced ionic salt composition and physiological pH under light illumination on the microscope stage [20].

    Inhibition:

    Article Title: Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) affect Multiple Stages of Autophagy and Modulate Autophagy-related Genes in Controlling Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis.
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    Article Title: CDKL5 regulates p62-mediated selective autophagy and confers protection against neurotropic viruses
    Article Snippet: For amino-acid starvation, cells were treated for either 1h (GFP-LC3 microscopy assays) or 3 h (LC3 I/II western blots) with Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C and for mTOR inhibition, with 250 nM of torin 1 (Selleck Chemicals S2827) or DMSO as the vehicle control for the same periods of time.

    Article Title: Reduced Palmitoylation of <scp>SQSTM1</scp>/p62 in Huntington Disease Is Associated With Impaired Autophagy
    Article Snippet: Where indicated, induction of autophagy in HeLa cells was conducted by the application of Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS; Thermo Fisher, 24010043).

    Article Title: Binding epitope for recognition of human TRPM4 channel by monoclonal antibody M4M
    Article Snippet: In brief, fetal brains from embryonic day 18 (E18) pregnant transgenic rats were obtained and digested for 40 min in Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) containing 20 U/ml papain (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ, USA).

    Article Title: Long‑chain non‑coding RNA GAS5 promotes cell autophagy by modulating the miR‑181c‑5p/ ATG5 and miR‑1192/ ATG12 axes.
    Article Snippet: For the determination of macrophage autophagy in vitro, RAW264.7 cells were cultured in Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 12 h, in order to induce macrophage autophagy (starvation induc‐ tion).

    Article Title: GCN2 and perk kinase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
    Article Snippet: The next day each well was replaced with 1 mL Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, 5.5 mM Glucose, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin and 1% Vitamin solution (thermo #11120052).

    Article Title: Modeling bile duct ischemia and reoxygenation injury in human cholangiocyte organoids for screening of novel cholangio-protective agents
    Article Snippet: In brief, donor liver tissue was minced, rinsed twice with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS, Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, USA), and digested in collagenase solution (2.5 mg/mL collagenase Type A, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) in Advanced DMEM/F-12 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) for 15 min at 37 °C.

    Article Title: Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (polyCBMA) decreases desiccating damage to corneal epithelial cells
    Article Snippet: For cell experiments employing the desiccative culture conditions, polyCBMA was dissolved and diluted using Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) (Cat# 14155063, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA) because this buffer maintains a balanced ionic salt composition and physiological pH under light illumination on the microscope stage [20].

    Control:

    Article Title: Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) affect Multiple Stages of Autophagy and Modulate Autophagy-related Genes in Controlling Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis.
    Article Snippet: Background: Autophagy disorders are linked to human cancer, and the details of their mechanisms remain unclear.. Objective: To investigate the regulatory role of PRMT5 in the autophagy of breast cancer cells.. Methods: Human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7) were cultured.

    Article Title: CDKL5 regulates p62-mediated selective autophagy and confers protection against neurotropic viruses
    Article Snippet: For amino-acid starvation, cells were treated for either 1h (GFP-LC3 microscopy assays) or 3 h (LC3 I/II western blots) with Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C and for mTOR inhibition, with 250 nM of torin 1 (Selleck Chemicals S2827) or DMSO as the vehicle control for the same periods of time.

    Article Title: Reduced Palmitoylation of <scp>SQSTM1</scp>/p62 in Huntington Disease Is Associated With Impaired Autophagy
    Article Snippet: Where indicated, induction of autophagy in HeLa cells was conducted by the application of Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS; Thermo Fisher, 24010043).

    Article Title: Binding epitope for recognition of human TRPM4 channel by monoclonal antibody M4M
    Article Snippet: In brief, fetal brains from embryonic day 18 (E18) pregnant transgenic rats were obtained and digested for 40 min in Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) containing 20 U/ml papain (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ, USA).

    Article Title: Long‑chain non‑coding RNA GAS5 promotes cell autophagy by modulating the miR‑181c‑5p/ ATG5 and miR‑1192/ ATG12 axes.
    Article Snippet: For the determination of macrophage autophagy in vitro, RAW264.7 cells were cultured in Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 12 h, in order to induce macrophage autophagy (starvation induc‐ tion).

    Article Title: GCN2 and perk kinase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
    Article Snippet: The next day each well was replaced with 1 mL Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, 5.5 mM Glucose, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin and 1% Vitamin solution (thermo #11120052).

    Article Title: Modeling bile duct ischemia and reoxygenation injury in human cholangiocyte organoids for screening of novel cholangio-protective agents
    Article Snippet: In brief, donor liver tissue was minced, rinsed twice with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS, Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, USA), and digested in collagenase solution (2.5 mg/mL collagenase Type A, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) in Advanced DMEM/F-12 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) for 15 min at 37 °C.

    Article Title: Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (polyCBMA) decreases desiccating damage to corneal epithelial cells
    Article Snippet: For cell experiments employing the desiccative culture conditions, polyCBMA was dissolved and diluted using Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) (Cat# 14155063, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA) because this buffer maintains a balanced ionic salt composition and physiological pH under light illumination on the microscope stage [20].

    In Vitro:

    Article Title: Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) affect Multiple Stages of Autophagy and Modulate Autophagy-related Genes in Controlling Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis.
    Article Snippet: Background: Autophagy disorders are linked to human cancer, and the details of their mechanisms remain unclear.. Objective: To investigate the regulatory role of PRMT5 in the autophagy of breast cancer cells.. Methods: Human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7) were cultured.

    Article Title: CDKL5 regulates p62-mediated selective autophagy and confers protection against neurotropic viruses
    Article Snippet: For amino-acid starvation, cells were treated for either 1h (GFP-LC3 microscopy assays) or 3 h (LC3 I/II western blots) with Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C and for mTOR inhibition, with 250 nM of torin 1 (Selleck Chemicals S2827) or DMSO as the vehicle control for the same periods of time.

    Article Title: Reduced Palmitoylation of <scp>SQSTM1</scp>/p62 in Huntington Disease Is Associated With Impaired Autophagy
    Article Snippet: Where indicated, induction of autophagy in HeLa cells was conducted by the application of Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS; Thermo Fisher, 24010043).

    Article Title: Binding epitope for recognition of human TRPM4 channel by monoclonal antibody M4M
    Article Snippet: In brief, fetal brains from embryonic day 18 (E18) pregnant transgenic rats were obtained and digested for 40 min in Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) containing 20 U/ml papain (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ, USA).

    Article Title: Long‑chain non‑coding RNA GAS5 promotes cell autophagy by modulating the miR‑181c‑5p/ ATG5 and miR‑1192/ ATG12 axes.
    Article Snippet: For the determination of macrophage autophagy in vitro, RAW264.7 cells were cultured in Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 12 h, in order to induce macrophage autophagy (starvation induc‐ tion).

    Article Title: GCN2 and perk kinase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
    Article Snippet: The next day each well was replaced with 1 mL Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, 5.5 mM Glucose, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin and 1% Vitamin solution (thermo #11120052).

    Article Title: Modeling bile duct ischemia and reoxygenation injury in human cholangiocyte organoids for screening of novel cholangio-protective agents
    Article Snippet: In brief, donor liver tissue was minced, rinsed twice with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS, Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, USA), and digested in collagenase solution (2.5 mg/mL collagenase Type A, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) in Advanced DMEM/F-12 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) for 15 min at 37 °C.

    Article Title: Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (polyCBMA) decreases desiccating damage to corneal epithelial cells
    Article Snippet: For cell experiments employing the desiccative culture conditions, polyCBMA was dissolved and diluted using Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) (Cat# 14155063, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA) because this buffer maintains a balanced ionic salt composition and physiological pH under light illumination on the microscope stage [20].

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 5 (PRMT5) affect Multiple Stages of Autophagy and Modulate Autophagy-related Genes in Controlling Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis.
    Article Snippet: Background: Autophagy disorders are linked to human cancer, and the details of their mechanisms remain unclear.. Objective: To investigate the regulatory role of PRMT5 in the autophagy of breast cancer cells.. Methods: Human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF7) were cultured.

    Article Title: CDKL5 regulates p62-mediated selective autophagy and confers protection against neurotropic viruses
    Article Snippet: For amino-acid starvation, cells were treated for either 1h (GFP-LC3 microscopy assays) or 3 h (LC3 I/II western blots) with Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C and for mTOR inhibition, with 250 nM of torin 1 (Selleck Chemicals S2827) or DMSO as the vehicle control for the same periods of time.

    Article Title: Reduced Palmitoylation of <scp>SQSTM1</scp>/p62 in Huntington Disease Is Associated With Impaired Autophagy
    Article Snippet: Where indicated, induction of autophagy in HeLa cells was conducted by the application of Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS; Thermo Fisher, 24010043).

    Article Title: Binding epitope for recognition of human TRPM4 channel by monoclonal antibody M4M
    Article Snippet: In brief, fetal brains from embryonic day 18 (E18) pregnant transgenic rats were obtained and digested for 40 min in Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) containing 20 U/ml papain (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ, USA).

    Article Title: Long‑chain non‑coding RNA GAS5 promotes cell autophagy by modulating the miR‑181c‑5p/ ATG5 and miR‑1192/ ATG12 axes.
    Article Snippet: For the determination of macrophage autophagy in vitro, RAW264.7 cells were cultured in Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 12 h, in order to induce macrophage autophagy (starvation induc‐ tion).

    Article Title: GCN2 and perk kinase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
    Article Snippet: The next day each well was replaced with 1 mL Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, 5.5 mM Glucose, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin and 1% Vitamin solution (thermo #11120052).

    Article Title: Modeling bile duct ischemia and reoxygenation injury in human cholangiocyte organoids for screening of novel cholangio-protective agents
    Article Snippet: In brief, donor liver tissue was minced, rinsed twice with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS, Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, USA), and digested in collagenase solution (2.5 mg/mL collagenase Type A, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) in Advanced DMEM/F-12 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) for 15 min at 37 °C.

    Article Title: Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (polyCBMA) decreases desiccating damage to corneal epithelial cells
    Article Snippet: For cell experiments employing the desiccative culture conditions, polyCBMA was dissolved and diluted using Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) (Cat# 14155063, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA) because this buffer maintains a balanced ionic salt composition and physiological pH under light illumination on the microscope stage [20].



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    Servicebio Inc earle’s balanced salt solution (ebss, starvation buffer)
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    VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: <t>Earle’s</t> Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.
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    VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: <t>Earle’s</t> Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.
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    VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: <t>Earle’s</t> Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.
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    Image Search Results


    VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Enhanced autophagic clearance of amyloid-β via histone deacetylase 6-mediated V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification protects against Alzheimer’s disease in vitro and in vivo

    doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01633

    Figure Lengend Snippet: VPA activates autophagy and promotes lysosomal function in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. (A) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with EBSS, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescent signals were detected by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 5 μm. (B, C) mRFP-positive and GFP-positive puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). (D) Detection of mRFP-GFP-LC3 delivery to lysosomes. SH-SY5Y cells (WT), VEH-treated APP swe cells, and VPA-treated APP swe cells were treated with Baf A1. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E, F) mRFP and GFP puncta were quantified to determine the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell ( n = 6 randomly selected fields). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test). Baf A1: Bafilomycin A1; EBSS: Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution; mRFP-GFP-LC3: monomeric red fluorescence protein–enhanced green fluorescence protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; VEH: vehicle; VPA: valproic acid.

    Article Snippet: Then, the cells were treated with Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 4 hours to induce autophagy or Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1, MedChem Express, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) for 4 hours to inhibit autophagy.

    Techniques: In Vitro, Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence